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व्याकरण — शब्द भेद एवं काल
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व्याकरण — शब्द भेद एवं काल
Parts of speech — and why a word has no fixed one
There are eight: noun, pronoun, adjective, verb, adverb, preposition, conjunction, interjection. (Many modern grammars add the determiner — a, the, this, some, every — as a ninth, separating it from the adjective.)
A word's part of speech is decided by its job in the sentence, not by the word itself. This is the single most common question type, and it cannot be answered from a vocabulary list:
Nouns
Pronouns. Personal, possessive, reflexive (myself), demonstrative (this), interrogative (who), relative (who, which, that), indefinite (someone).
Adjectives and their order. When several pile up before a noun the order is fixed: opinion → size → age → shape → colour → origin → material → purpose. A beautiful small old round brown Indian wooden writing desk. Native speakers follow it without knowing it; learners are tested on it.
Degrees of comparison. good–better–best, bad–worse–worst, little–less–least, far–farther/further. Latin comparatives take to, not than: superior to, inferior to, senior to, junior to, prior to, preferable to.
शब्द भेद — और किसी शब्द का कोई निश्चित भेद क्यों नहीं होता
आठ हैं: संज्ञा (noun), सर्वनाम (pronoun), विशेषण (adjective), क्रिया (verb), क्रियाविशेषण (adverb), संबंधसूचक (preposition), समुच्चयबोधक (conjunction), विस्मयादिबोधक (interjection)। आधुनिक व्याकरण determiner (a, the, this, some, every) को नौवाँ भेद मानते हैं।
किसी शब्द का भेद वाक्य में उसके काम से तय होता है, शब्द से नहीं। यही सर्वाधिक पूछा जाने वाला प्रश्न प्रकार है:
संज्ञा
सर्वनाम। Personal, possessive, reflexive (myself), demonstrative, interrogative, relative, indefinite।
विशेषणों का क्रम। संज्ञा से पहले कई विशेषण हों तो क्रम निश्चित है: opinion → size → age → shape → colour → origin → material → purpose। A beautiful small old round brown Indian wooden writing desk.
तुलना की अवस्थाएँ। good–better–best, bad–worse–worst, far–farther/further। लैटिन मूल के तुलनात्मक शब्दों के साथ than नहीं, to आता है: superior to, inferior to, senior to, junior to, prior to, preferable to।
Tenses — twelve forms, and the four that decide most questions
| Simple | Continuous | Perfect | Perfect Continuous | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Present | I write | I am writing | I have written | I have been writing |
| Past | I wrote | I was writing | I had written | I had been writing |
| Future | I shall write | I shall be writing | I shall have written | I shall have been writing |
Simple present is not only for "now". It carries habit (He goes to school daily), universal truth (The sun rises in the east), and a future planned action after a time conjunction (I shall wait till he comes, never till he will come).
Past perfect exists to order two past events. Of two completed actions, the earlier one takes had + V3: The train had left before I reached the station. A question that gives you two past actions and asks for a tense is almost always testing this.
Present perfect versus simple past. Present perfect connects the past to now and cannot take a finished past time: I have seen him is fine, I have seen him yesterday is wrong — it must be I saw him yesterday.
Since and for. Since takes a point in time (since 2010, since Monday), for takes a period (for two years). Both normally go with a perfect or perfect continuous tense: He has been ill since Monday.
Verbs that are not used in the continuous — they describe states, not actions: know, believe, understand, seem, belong, own, contain, love, hate, prefer, resemble, consist. I know the answer, never I am knowing.
Modals, in one line each. Can = ability/permission · may = permission/possibility · must = obligation or strong certainty · should/ought to = advice · used to = discontinued past habit · need and dare are semi-modals and behave as modals only in the negative and interrogative (He need not go, but He needs to go).
Subject–verb agreement, the six rules that get set
काल — बारह रूप, और वे चार जो अधिकांश प्रश्न तय करते हैं
| Simple | Continuous | Perfect | Perfect Continuous | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Present | I write | I am writing | I have written | I have been writing |
| Past | I wrote | I was writing | I had written | I had been writing |
| Future | I shall write | I shall be writing | I shall have written | I shall have been writing |
Simple present केवल "अभी" के लिए नहीं है। यह आदत (He goes to school daily), सार्वभौमिक सत्य (The sun rises in the east), तथा समयवाचक संयोजक के बाद भविष्य की नियोजित क्रिया भी बताता है (I shall wait till he comes, कभी till he will come नहीं)।
Past perfect दो भूतकालिक घटनाओं का क्रम बताने के लिए है। दो पूर्ण क्रियाओं में पहले
Articles, prepositions and the errors that are actually set
Articles
Prepositions that are regularly wrong in Indian usage
Common error patterns worth memorising as pairs
Articles, prepositions और वे अशुद्धियाँ जो वास्तव में पूछी जाती हैं
Articles
Points to Remember
याद रखने योग्य बिंदु
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Present perfect बनाम simple past। Present perfect भूत को वर्तमान से जोड़ता है और बीता हुआ निश्चित समय नहीं ले सकता: I have seen him ठीक है, I have seen him yesterday गलत — वहाँ I saw him yesterday चाहिए।
Since एवं for। Since समय के बिंदु के साथ (since 2010), for अवधि के साथ (for two years)। दोनों प्रायः perfect या perfect continuous के साथ आते हैं।
जो क्रियाएँ continuous में नहीं आतीं — वे अवस्था बताती हैं, कार्य नहीं: know, believe, understand, seem, belong, own, contain, love, hate, prefer, resemble, consist। I know the answer, कभी I am knowing नहीं।
Modals, एक-एक पंक्ति में। Can = सामर्थ्य/अनुमति · may = अनुमति/संभावना · must = अनिवार्यता या प्रबल निश्चय · should/ought to = सलाह · used to = छूट चुकी भूतकालिक आदत · need एवं dare अर्ध-modal हैं और केवल नकारात्मक तथा प्रश्नवाचक में modal की तरह चलते हैं (He need not go, पर He needs to go)।
कर्ता-क्रिया मेल, वे छह नियम जो पूछे जाते हैं
वे prepositions जो भारतीय प्रयोग में प्रायः गलत होते हैं
युग्म के रूप में याद रखने योग्य सामान्य अशुद्धियाँ