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Free Economy shorts

अर्थव्यवस्था · معیشت

23 topics, each a handful of cards plus practice questions with explanations. Free to read in full — no sign-up. Counts for TRE-4, STET, BPSC PCS, RRB NTPC, SSC CGL, SSC CHSL, UP TET.

23 shorts · 184 practice questions

• Banking in India — The 1969 Nationalisation, Every Bank Type and Who Regulates Whomभारत में बैंकिंग — 1969 का राष्ट्रीयकरण, बैंकों के सभी प्रकार और कौन किसका नियामक हैRBI in 1935 and nationalised in 1949, fourteen banks taken over on 19 July 1969 and six more in 1980, RRBs from 1975, NABARD from 1982, payments banks capped at ₹2 lakh — and the four regulator pairs (RBI, SEBI, IRDAI, PFRDA) that finish the question. Banking is pure recall, which is exactly why SSC, Railway, BPSC TRE-4 and CTET keep asking it.6 CARDS · 8 QUESTIONS
• Consumer Rights — Six Rights, Three Commissions, and What the 2019 Act Changedउपभोक्ता अधिकार — छह अधिकार, तीन आयोग, और 2019 के अधिनियम ने क्या बदलाSix rights, three tiers of commissions, and one Act that replaced another. Learn the six rights in order, the ladder from district to national, and the four things the 2019 Act added, and the chapter is finished.6 CARDS · 8 QUESTIONS
• Demand, Supply and Market Structures — Elasticity, the Two Curves and Who Actually Sets the Priceमाँग, पूर्ति एवं बाज़ार संरचनाएँ — लोच, दो वक्र और कीमत वास्तव में कौन तय करता हैPrice falls, demand rises — except for two famous goods where it does not. Elasticity explains why salt is taxed and why airlines discount. Four market forms decide who is a price taker and who is a price maker.6 CARDS · 8 QUESTIONS
• FDI vs FPI — The 10% Line, the Two Entry Routes and the Sectors Foreign Money Cannot EnterFDI बनाम FPI — 10% की रेखा, प्रवेश के दो मार्ग और वे क्षेत्र जहाँ विदेशी पूँजी नहीं आ सकतीA 12% stake is FDI, a 4% stake is FPI, and an investor from a land-border neighbour needs government approval whatever the sector. Three cases, one percentage line, two entry routes and a short banned list — the whole topic exams keep testing.6 CARDS · 8 QUESTIONS
• Food Security in India: MSP, PDS, NFSA 2013 and the Buffer Stockभारत में खाद्य सुरक्षा: MSP, PDS, NFSA 2013 और बफर स्टॉकWho sets MSP, who buys the grain, who sells it cheap at the ration shop: follow one sack of wheat through the system and answer every food-security question.6 CARDS · 8 QUESTIONS
• Foreign Trade and the Balance of Payments — Current vs Capital Account, and Who Does What at the IMF, World Bank and WTOविदेश व्यापार एवं भुगतान संतुलन — चालू बनाम पूँजी खाता, और आईएमएफ, विश्व बैंक तथा डब्ल्यूटीओ में कौन क्या करता हैBalance of trade counts only goods; balance of payments counts everything, split into a current account (goods, services, remittances) and a capital account (FDI, FPI, loans). That split is why India can run a big merchandise deficit and still have a small current-account surplus once software exports and remittances are added — the numbers 300 exports, 400 imports, plus 80 services and 40 remittances give a trade deficit of 100 and a current surplus of 20. Devaluation is a deliberate government act under a fixed rate; depreciation is the market doing it, and India has been on a managed float since 1993. The institutions divide cleanly: IMF for short-term balance-of-payments trouble, World Bank for long-term development projects, WTO for trade rules, all three born from Bretton Woods 1944 except the WTO, which arrived on 1 January 1995 out of GATT 1947. Traps that repeat: remittances filed under capital account, IMF asked to fund a dam, and 1947 offered as the WTO's birth year.6 CARDS · 8 QUESTIONS
• GST Case Study: One Nation One Tax, CGST-SGST-IGST, Input Tax Credit and the GST CouncilGST केस स्टडी: एक राष्ट्र एक कर, CGST-SGST-IGST, इनपुट टैक्स क्रेडिट और GST परिषदGST replaced a maze of taxes on 1 July 2017 via the 101st Amendment. Know CGST, SGST and IGST, how input tax credit stops tax on tax, the Article 279A council with one-third/two-thirds voting, and the 2025 slab reform.6 CARDS · 8 QUESTIONS
• GST — The 101st Amendment, the Council's Voting Maths, and Who Collects CGST, SGST and IGSTजीएसटी — 101वाँ संविधान संशोधन, परिषद का मतदान गणित, और CGST, SGST तथा IGST कौन वसूलता हैGST questions are never about rates alone. They are about one amendment number, three articles, one council and one voting fraction. Fix those five things and almost every GST question in the paper answers itself.6 CARDS · 8 QUESTIONS
• Government Welfare Schemes — Which Ministry, Which Year, and Exactly Who Gets Whatसरकारी कल्याण योजनाएँ — कौन-सा मंत्रालय, कौन-सा वर्ष, और लाभ ठीक किसेScheme questions are the cheapest marks in a general studies paper — nothing to derive, nothing to reason out. Store four things for every scheme and only four: what it gives, to whom, which ministry runs it, and the year it began.6 CARDS · 8 QUESTIONS
• Indian Agriculture — The Green Revolution, MSP and Every Colour Revolutionभारतीय कृषि — हरित क्रांति, न्यूनतम समर्थन मूल्य और हर रंग की क्रांतिWhat the Green Revolution actually changed and what it left untouched, the full colour-revolution table with the person attached to each, how MSP is decided and who recommends it, and the Kharif–Rabi–Zaid split. Written for the economy and general-awareness sections of BPSC TRE-4, CTET, SSC CGL/CHSL, Railway NTPC and UPSC Prelims.6 CARDS · 8 QUESTIONS
• Indian Industry — From the 1956 Licence System to 1991 Liberalisation and the MSME Sectorभारतीय उद्योग — 1956 की लाइसेंस व्यवस्था से 1991 के उदारीकरण और एमएसएमई क्षेत्र तकIndian industrial policy is a story in three acts: the state took command in 1956, stepped back in 1991, and turned to small enterprise afterwards. Almost every question is asking which act a given fact belongs to.6 CARDS · 8 QUESTIONS
• Inflation — CPI, WPI and What “Real” Income Meansमुद्रास्फीति — CPI, WPI और “वास्तविक” आय का अर्थBoth of India's price indices were rebased in 2026 — CPI to 2024 and WPI to 2022-23. The formulas, the agencies, and the numbers papers will ask.6 CARDS · 8 QUESTIONS
• Insurance and Pensions: LIC, IRDAI, PFRDA, NPS, APY, EPF and the Jan Suraksha Schemesबीमा और पेंशन: LIC, IRDAI, PFRDA, NPS, APY, EPF और जन सुरक्षा योजनाएँWho regulates insurance (IRDAI) and pensions (PFRDA), when LIC was born, NPS vs OPS, APY's age band and the Rs 20 accident cover: the insurance-and-pension facts economy papers repeat.6 CARDS · 8 QUESTIONS
• Money Market, Capital Market and SEBI — How Savings Reach Businessमुद्रा बाज़ार, पूँजी बाज़ार और सेबी — बचत व्यवसाय तक कैसे पहुँचती हैOne question splits this whole chapter: how long is the money being lent for? Under a year is the money market and the RBI's turf; over a year is the capital market and SEBI's. Everything else follows from that line.6 CARDS · 8 QUESTIONS
• Money and Financial Inclusion — From Barter to UPI, and What Demonetisation Actually Didमुद्रा और वित्तीय समावेशन — वस्तु-विनिमय से UPI तक, और नोटबंदी ने वास्तव में क्या कियाWho issues the ₹1 note, why M3 and not M1 is the RBI's working aggregate, what the 99.3% figure after demonetisation means, and the RTGS–NEFT–IMPS–UPI ladder with its real limits. One case study that covers a whole block of the GS paper.6 CARDS · 8 QUESTIONS
• National Income — GDP to GNP to NNP in Four Stepsराष्ट्रीय आय — GDP से GNP से NNP तक चार चरणों मेंGDP + NFIA = GNP, minus depreciation = NNP, minus net indirect taxes = National Income. Four aggregates, three words that decide everything — domestic or national, gross or net, market price or factor cost — plus the Naoroji and Mahalanobis facts every paper asks.6 CARDS · 8 QUESTIONS
• Planning in India — The Five Year Plans, Their Models and NITI Aayogभारत में नियोजन — पंचवर्षीय योजनाएँ, उनके मॉडल और नीति आयोगSixty-five years of Indian planning in one case study: the Planning Commission of 1950, twelve Five Year Plans, and NITI Aayog from 1 January 2015. First Plan on the Harrod-Domar model chose agriculture; the Second, on Mahalanobis, chose heavy industry and built Bhilai, Rourkela and Durgapur. Wars and drought forced the Plan Holiday of 1966-69; Garibi Hatao named the Fifth. The Twelfth (2012-17) was the last. Written for SSC CGL/CHSL, Railway NTPC, BPSC TRE-4 Part II, CTET and UPSC Prelims.6 CARDS · 8 QUESTIONS
• Poverty, Unemployment and HDI — Seven Formulas and the Committee Chainग़रीबी, बेरोज़गारी और मानव विकास सूचकांक — सात सूत्र और समितियों की कड़ीThree ideas that share a syllabus paragraph and are measured nothing alike. Poverty counts heads below a consumption line, unemployment divides by the labour force (never the population), and HDI is a geometric mean of health, education and income. Seven small formulas, one committee chain from Dandekar–Rath to Rangarajan, and the exact traps SSC, Railway NTPC, BPSC TRE-4, CTET and UPSC set on each.6 CARDS · 8 QUESTIONS
• Public Sector Undertakings — Maharatna, Navratna, Miniratna and Disinvestmentसार्वजनिक क्षेत्र के उपक्रम — महारत्न, नवरत्न, मिनीरत्न और विनिवेशMaharatna, Navratna, Miniratna — the three 'Ratna' tiers are a ladder of financial freedom, not a list of prizes. Learn the ladder order, the one number that separates each rung, and the difference between strategic and minority disinvestment, and a whole family of GK questions becomes easy marks.6 CARDS · 8 QUESTIONS
• RBI and Monetary Policy — Repo, CRR, SLR and the Money Multiplierआरबीआई और मौद्रिक नीति — रेपो, सीआरआर, एसएलआर और मुद्रा गुणकMoney multiplier = 1/CRR. CRR sits in cash with the RBI, SLR stays with the bank itself. MSF is the ceiling, SDF the floor, repo the policy rate in between. Plus the 6-member MPC and the 4% ±2% inflation target.6 CARDS · 8 QUESTIONS
• Sectors of the Economy — Primary, Secondary, Tertiary and the Organised–Unorganised Divideअर्थव्यवस्था के क्षेत्रक — प्राथमिक, द्वितीयक, तृतीयक और संगठित–असंगठित का विभाजनAn economy is cut three different ways, and exams mix them up on purpose. By activity: primary takes from nature, secondary transforms it, tertiary supports both. By employment terms: organised (registered, regular pay, PF and leave) versus unorganised, which is roughly nine of every ten Indian workers. By ownership: public versus private. India's headline anomaly — services produce over half of GDP while agriculture still employs the largest share of workers, which is why underemployment sits at the centre of the chapter.6 CARDS · 8 QUESTIONS
• The 1991 Economic Reforms — The Balance of Payments Crisis and the LPG Model1991 के आर्थिक सुधार — भुगतान संतुलन संकट और एलपीजी मॉडलReserves down to about two weeks of imports, gold flown to the Bank of England, two devaluations in three days, and the Liberalisation–Privatisation–Globalisation package that followed — with the Rao–Manmohan Singh trap papers keep setting.6 CARDS · 8 QUESTIONS
• The Union Budget — Direct vs Indirect Tax and the Four Deficits, Untangledकेंद्रीय बजट — प्रत्यक्ष बनाम अप्रत्यक्ष कर और चार घाटे, बिना उलझन केRevenue versus capital receipts, direct versus indirect tax, GST in one page, and the four deficit formulas — revenue, fiscal, primary and effective revenue — that SSC, Railway, UPSC and teacher-recruitment papers keep swapping to catch you out.6 CARDS · 8 QUESTIONS