Hindi Vachya, Vakya ke Bhed and Viram Chinh — Voice, Sentence Types and Punctuation

Three separate topics live inside the Hindi sentence, and papers move between them without warning: वाच्य, or voice; वाक्य के भेद, the classification of sentences; and विराम चिह्न, the punctuation marks.

They look unrelated and they are usually taught apart, but each one is settled by a single question, and knowing which question to ask is most of the work.

For वाच्य the question is: whose form is the verb following — the doer, the object, or neither?

For वाक्य के भेद the question is: how many clauses are there, and how are they joined?

For विराम चिह्न the question is simply: what does this mark do to the reading?

That is the whole architecture. Everything else in this card set is the detail hanging off those three questions, together with the traps that examiners have built around each one — and in every case the trap works by making a sentence look like something it is not.

1. Identify the vachya in the sentence: 'राम से पत्र लिखा जाता है।'

2. Bhaav-vachya in Hindi is formed from which kind of verbs?

3. On the basis of structure, what type of sentence is 'वह आया और चला गया।'?

4. On the basis of structure, what type of sentence is 'यदि तुम पढ़ोगे तो सफल होगे।'?

5. On the basis of meaning, what type of sentence is 'ईश्वर तुम्हें दीर्घायु करे।'?

6. In Hindi punctuation, the mark '।' is called:

7. Identify the vachya in the sentence: 'मुझसे अब चला नहीं जाता।'

8. The karmavachya form of 'बच्चों ने खेल खेला।' is: